Sabaneev on borzoi

Book by Leonid Sabaneev

Extremely peculiar breed of dogs, undoubtedly bred by Russian hunters, as one of the most beautiful dogs, had no equal in speed at short distances.

All this obliges us to trace in detail the history of hunting with greyhounds in Russia and the origin of dog greyhounds.

Unfortunately, information about hunting and dogs in the Slavs in ancient times is very scarce. It is understandable, if we take into account that the chroniclers were monks, in general, spiritual persons, always very hostile to hunting and considered the dog unclean – a dog snoodo. In this respect, the Catholic clergy differed sharply from the Greek-Russian, as before the Reformation, even before the 18th century, most of the bishops and higher clergy were hunters. We know that even now the best hunting dog kennels – setters and pointers – belonged to Anglican priests.

Despite, however, the paucity of information about hunting and dogs of the Pretatar period, it can be proved that Russian greyhounds – breeds of relatively modern origin and in no case purebred of all Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns, as claimed by the authority of dog hunters P. M. M. M. Machevarianov, and even more so were not created by such, did not exist for the first time, according to some non-modern.

The fact that the Slavs in ancient times did not have and could not be greyhounds in the present sense of the word, that is, such fast dogs, which could within a few minutes, even seconds catch up in the clean place of any beast for the simple reason that they are faster. The greyhound catches, not screws. The very area occupied by the Slavs was then covered with dense forests and could not be conducive to hunting with such dogs. Nowhere is there any description of such bullying and the adjective “greyhound” is used, at least until the 15th century, only to refer to the speed of horses. It is known that in ancient Russia hunting – catching – was carried out with the help of shadows and dogs, boiling squirrels, looking for beavers, chasing and detaining deer, bison and tour; but these were obviously the same wit dogs that still occur in almost all of Russia and the Caucasus as fishing, yard and shepherd. This is proved by hunting frescoes adorning the staircase to the chorale of Sofia Cathedral in Kiev, built by Yaroslav Wise in memory of the reflection of the Pechenegs8, although the creator of “Russian Truth” preferred to “sit on the shore

In “Russian Truth” appointed quite a large penalty for the stolen dog: along with a falcon and a hawk. “And who steals the dog, any river with a rod.” The frescoes, among other scenes, depict a squirrel hunt with a husky, horse hunting for a bear and a fierce beast (barca), a sharp dog chasing a deer, and a falcon hunt for a hare. In the will of Vladimir Monomakh26 does not mention dogs, and actually hunting – fishing, catching – in those days had, unlike fishing, a kind of martial arts of heroes with large and dangerous wild animals with little help from dogs. The princes of Kiev and Novgorod could then have only catching dogs, which differed not so much fast, as strength and spite. Greyhounds princes and their vigilantes were quite replaced by much faster catching birds – falcon, hawk and golden eagle, who took a hare, fox, wolf, saiga and, moreover, feathered game. This method of hunting, often mentioned in the annals, apparently originates from India, where all the Slavs came from; in India, however, there are no greyhounds, and dog hunting there is not known, even between mohammedans.

We can only assume that the princes of Kiev could have dogs from the Balkan Peninsula – it is those brutal semi-borzoi-semi-racer, which are still preserved in the Balkan mountains, representing a cross between North African greyhounds with a bearded sheepdog. This assumption is all the more likely that similar brutal dogs, as we have seen, were brought from the front of Asia to the Baltic coast by one of the Germanic tribes in the era of the great migration of peoples. But these were still not greyhounds, but stalwart, strong and relatively very fast picks, much less similar to greyhounds than modern Scottish deerhounds. In general, it is difficult to say positively whether these dogs were brought to the Baltic coast through the Caucasus from Asia Minor already in the form of a cross between an Arab greyhound with a sheepdog, or whether this breed was formed on the spot by crossing the native Armenian sheep with the chorty greyhounds of the Celts and the Belgs. The last guess is more likely.

Above, it was noticed that the greyhound in the solid forests occupied by the Slavs before the Tatar invasion, was completely inappropriate and useless. But it was not in ancient times and in all South and South-Eastern Russia, which had a steppe character, but not yet devoid of forests. Herodotus, describing the life of the peoples who lived in the south-east of Europe for 500 years before Christ, says that they are all engaged in hunting, which is made as follows: a hunter, looking from the top of a tree of any beast, pushawk, any falcon, three hryvnias of sale, and the gentleman hryvnia. Obviously, here we are talking about hunting dogs belonging to vigilantes, i.e. the mentioned fishing dogs, used for hunting large animals, which could not be captured by falcons and hawks.

Throws a spear at him, and then, jumping on his horse, pursues the wounded with the help of dogs. Obviously, they weren’t greyhounds, they were catching dogs. The most method of baiting a hare, a fox, a wolf or other animals could not fail to draw the attention of our ancestors. All the ancient inhabitants of Southern Russia of the Pretatar period, from the Scythians, Sarmatians and to the ruffs and Pechenega, belonged to the Turkish-Tatar tribes, natives of Central Asia – Altai and Mongolia. But since modern Altai Tatars and Mongols do not have greyhounds, there is no reason to think that they were in their relatives who penetrated Eastern Europe before the mago metanism spread in West Asia. Since the ancient Assyrians had a real hunt with greyhounds was unknown and on their numerous monuments we meet as beastly hunting dogs images of huge dogs, less often – witty dogs like our northern, we have a good reason to say in the affirmative that in Asia Minor, Persia and the Caspian steppes greyhounds were brought by the Arabs who conquered the 7th century. Here the Arab greyhounds mingled with native fold-eared and long-haired mountain dogs and formed a new independent breed of so-called eastern greyhounds, characterized by a short coat on the body with shaggy hanging ears and tail, exposing their mixed origin.

When the Mongols in the 13th century flooded Persia and the Baghdad caliphate and took Baghdad, they certainly could not help but appreciate the hunting merits and speed of the dogs unknown to them, already enjoyed great honor in the Muslim world. These greyhounds were especially suitable for hunting in the steppes, where they extracted a lot of animals – hares, saiga and antelope, quite in harmony with the rounded, mass hunting method inherent in the Mongol-Tatar tribes, when the hunt involved a whole army, which surrounded a huge space. Marco Polo describes such hunting during his time at Kublya-haka in Mongolia, where, however, the role of greyhounds was performed by cheetahs and even trained tigers. Mongolian hordes during their invasion of South-Eastern Europe, by necessity, had to be fed hunting, as the herds that followed them and were taken from the floorboards and other nomadic peoples were not enough to feed the hordes. As far as Russia was in those distant times rich in snow-free animals, it is evident from the fact that three hundred years later the army of John the Terrible, which went to Kazan, was fed mainly by the harvested animals, poultry and fish.

But in addition to the Low-Asian greyhounds Tatars, undoubtedly, brought with them a lot of their Mongolian-Tatar dogs, sharply different from native dogs as light shorthair, and heavier and longer-haired – wolf-like type. These Tatar dogs, which will be mentioned in their place, more native had the right to the name of hounds. When the Tatars settled down, occupying South-Eastern Russia, and became muslims, they, like all followers of Islam, paid special attention to the greyhounds and hunting with them. And since in the wooded areas of baiting they were very difficult, gradually developed a special, Tatar, mixed way of hunting, which had an analogy with the way of screwing the animals one half of the horde on the other. The role of the beaters was performed here by Tatar hounds, who drove out of the forest to the edge of the animals directly into the teeth of the greyhounds, who were held on the svors by riders – Khans and Uzbeks. This method of hunting seems to have survived to the present day in the Prialtai Kyrgyz, to whom he passed from the Russian Tatars.

Since the 15th century chroniclers no longer talk about fishing, fishing, and about psars, dog hunting, hunting with dogs. For the first time the word “psar” is mentioned in the spiritual testament of Prince Vladimir Andreevich (1410). Tatar rule could not be left without influence on the change in the nature of the indigenous Russian hunts – the sage with dogs of large animals in the forest and baiting birds of small animals and birds in the meadows, fields and swamps – baiting, in turn borrowed by the Tatars. We know that the Russians, by their re-enaction, have adopted many mores and customs, from clothing to terms, and there is no doubt that the dog hunt for the Tatar specimen existed even before Basil III (Father John the Terrible), who, as is known to be istrriches-ki, was a passionate lover of greyhound baiting and even fell ill fatally in the field at Volokolamsky (1533).

Gerberstein in his notes about Moscow gives a rather detailed description of the grand witch hunt with greyhounds. From this description it is clear that in general terms the hunt was carried out in the same way as now. The beast, mainly hare, was driven out of the forest with the help of a very large number of large canis molossus et odo-riferos,i.e. muzzles and spirits, or hounds dogs, and talk about loud and diverse barking. The baiting of the expelled hares was carried out by the so-called. kurtzi “with fluffy tails and ears”, “incapable of a long race” who were lowered from the side of the horse. Obviously, these were the eastern Fold greyhounds, who had long hair only on the ears and the rule, and it was the jackets, i.e. Kurdish greyhounds – the name retained by Asian greyhounds until recently.

From this we can conclude that the greyhounds was brought by the Tatars to Russia, if they have changed, very little and still have preserved hanging ears and a short dog on the body, which, perhaps, a little rough and lengthened due to the influence of the climate. Muslims and imitators of the Arabs, the Tatar Khans and Uzbeks had to have about their greyhounds, considered a symbol of nobility and wealth, the same care that African bedouins and Central Asian pelvises of Turkmen, and, believe-but, carefully kept them in purity, without mixing with other dogs, considered to be impure. The presence of the Tatar prince (Shih-Alei) and the Tatars on the hunt described by Gerberstein may be an indication that it has not yet been sufficiently assimilated by the Russians and required leaders. How much the greyhounds were valued then, it is clear from the fact that at the conclusion of the trade agreement with the Danish King Christian II in 1517 he was sent as a gift greyhounds, which Christians, in turn, sent to the French King Francis I.

The dog hunting got full citizenship in the Moscow state a little later, it was in the time of John the Terrible, after the capture of Kazan, when the wise government immediately consolidated its power, resettling a significant part of Tatar princes and Uzbeks (nobles), the most troubled element, dissatisfied with the new order, in the present Yaroslavl and Kostroma province, and endowed them with estates and forcing to be baptized. From that moment the confluence of Tatar and Russian serving class, soon reborn, Tatar greyhounds and hounds spread throughout the Moscow state and under the name of Slovenian dogs penetrate even to the west, in Poland. In the old Polish hunting books (?) it is said that for baiting wolves it is necessary to use Slovenian dogs, which differ in height and strength.

It must be assumed that in the second half of the 16th century the withdrawal of a new – Russian – breed of greyhounds begins. This is proved, firstly, by the inconsistency of the Tatar greyhound climate and the conditions of island (i.e. expectant, not active) hunting; secondly, because Christians had no reason to treat their dogs so pedantically; finally, the greyhounds dissipated everywhere, and it was difficult to keep the breed clean, especially since the relations of the Kazan Tatars with the Astrakhan, Nogai27 and Crimean had to be very difficult. Tatar greyhounds could belong only to the Tatars of the upper class, were never numerous and were preserved from degeneration only by fresh blood of southern greyhounds.

Thus, there was a conscious, partly forced interbreeding with native hunting dogs, which were the wit of a wolf-type dog. By the end of the 16th century, Yaroslav and Kostroma Tatar nobles developed a new breed of greyhounds, distinguished by a long coat on the whole body with undercoat, combs and a mane around the neck and large standing or full ears. All these sharp breeding signs were transmitted by the northern wolf-like dog, in turn, from repeated submix of wolf blood naturally and artificially to a pure-mouthed half-wild dog, which differed from the wolf by the lighter body structure and long standing and narrow ears. This form of ears, which was noticed in a variety of Russian greyhounds, known as sharps, until the fifties of the 19th century and according to the laws of reversal, which is common as a rare exception to the present, proves that the dog greyhound could not have formed from the interbreeding of the Tatar greyhound with a short-eared wolf. Over time, most of the dog greyhounds, like any cultural breed that does not need to constantly strain their hearing and ear muscles, the end of the ears began to bend backwards, and then the ears began to hold in the book, pressed to the back of the head, alarming, ie slightly raised only in minutes of excitement. Thus, the long, swarti and fluffy ears of the kurtzi at Gerberstein turned into a standing, half-standing and pressed ear of a Russian greyhound; Tatar greyhound, as a mixed breed, was weaker than the northern purebred and thoroughbred fishing dog and only gave it greater lightness, slenderness and beauty.

There is no doubt that for interbreeding with the Tatar greyhound selected the largest and lightest with northern dogs, which in many cases replaced greyhounds, i.e. were catching dogs that could stick the beast, especially in forests and rough terrain. Such greyhound dogs are still found in many parts of Northern Russia and Siberia; these include the Syryan, Vogul, Bashkir and Tunguska huskies.28 According to P. E. Yashero-va, in the village of Sogostyre, at the mouths of Lena, there is a variety of stalwart northern dogs, in a warehouse very similar to greyhounds, with such a narrow skull that their ears, being pressed, cross ends, as in the former of our dogs. The slight addition of them is caused by a similar greyhound’s appointment to catch deer in winter in the tundra on the nast. Between these light varieties of barks, distinguished by long narrow ears, there are specimens of very large growth, up to 17 verks, for example, between Bashkir and Vogul, and there is no reason to think that between the indigenous dogs of Middle and Northern Russia, in general in the Moscow state and even the Grandhity there were no such dogs, especially since the sygoliki are still being carried out in Vologda. This breed or variety differs from the Karelian husky of Olonetsha and Novgorod provinces with a longer ear and a lighter addition. Prince A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhma-totov, a researcher of northern dog breeds, says that the movements of the zyryan husky can be compared with the jump and throw of a dog, while the karelian race resembles the running of heavy hounds. We know that in the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the so-called horse dogs were especially appreciated. In 1665, Boyarin Blagovo hit the king with a brow of 2 hunters and 10 lohs dogs, for which he received a valuable royal gift – 100 p. of money. These catching dogs were carried out in Russia in the early 19th century, as Levshin is mentioned in his books. This was certainly not the name of hounds, but the wit of big-growth huskies, accustomed to the snouting moose.

In any case, the Tatar greyhound interbred with native dogs, and it is very strange to assume that the Russian dog comes from Siberian or Mongolian dogs, based on the fact that these dogs can catch the beast and seem to have a very bad flair and extremely sharp vision. Siberian wit of dogs have nothing to do with it for the simple reason that the Mongol-Tatar tribes could not bring them in large numbers, because they were exclusively forest and tundra dogs. The Mongols could be accompanied mainly by Mongolian dogs, if only because they still feed on the corpses of people and animals, which could not be lacking in invasion. But Mongolian dogs have nothing to do with greyhounds at all, much less pso

Kutepov

It is not clear how the zoologist Gondatti, followed by Baron Rosen in his “Essay of the History of the Greyhound” can claim that in the entire space of Siberia there is one breed of barks with poorly developed flair, almost barking, with curved tips of ears and big eyes skill. The very names of these dogs – wind, animal fishing dogs, huskies – prove their sensitivity and their inherent ability to bark to indicate the location of the beast. All this is now known to every hunter. Gondatti was obviously referring to the sled dogs he had seen. Northern dogs are divided into many breeds and varieties, and between them really some have a relatively weak flair, which in the tundra, as in the steppe, does not matter as much as in the forest and rough terrain. In the tundra the dog can see further than to smell, and in all the strones, and not in the wind.

howle, because they have hanging small ears, relatively short hair, colored more black in the understulops and, as we shall see further, approach the hound type.

The northern dog of the light warehouse gave strongly everything that distinguishes Russian canines from other greyhounds: a long dog, forming a comb and mane, a suit – gray, gray-peg and white, the shape of ears, a straight staging of the hind legs (under itself), finally, a tail, which, as you know, many huskies do not bend the ring on the back, and hold the wolf. Even the throw, i.e. the extreme tension of forces in overtaking the beast, is a quality transmitted by the Husky and only received from the dog’s extreme development. Laika also makes a series of fast-following one-after-another jumps at the sight of the beast and also throws a pursuit when he is convinced of the futility of his efforts, which she never does, at least in the steppe, an eastern greyhound, characterized by the traction and persistence of the chase.

The best proof of the validity of the theory of the origin of Russian dogs from the mixture of Tatar greyhounds with the Central Russian husky is the fact that in the North Caucasus, the Highlanders of The Adygea and the Cuban Cossacks greyhounds have standing ears with curved tips, often gray color and a longer dog on the neck, like a mane. Apparently, these greyhounds descended from a cross between a fold-and-a-half-horse greyhound with a Caucasian wolf-like dog, a mongrel and a herding dog belonging to the bark type. There is reason to think that this mixing happened relatively recently, not more than 40-50 years ago, as in the 70s the greyhounds of the North Caucasus, at least in the Tersk region, almost did not differ from the Crimean.

N. P. Kisensky in his remarkable work “Experience of the genealogy of dogs” which has nothing equal not only in Russian, but also in all foreign literature and laid the groundwork for the decision on the origin of different breeds of dogs, the first pointed out that the Russian greyhound is the result of crossing the northern wolf-like dog with the eastern greyhound. The latter gave only the lightness of the warehouse, lengthened the muzzle, but most of the signs inherited the dog from the husky. Standing ear, which later began to be laid back – in a puff that is noticed in many barks, ribs below the elbows, back with a top (inclination) and the length of the dog are transferred to her husky; the silkiness of the dog is a consequence of care (and, let’s add on our part, depends

Grey with a black stripe on the ridge, with a short (comparatively) dog, except for the chest, neck and tail.

For example, Karagos, brought by Egornov in 1876 and formerly on display.

also from the later impurity of the soft-haired greyhound); in poor upbringing and poor cultivation, it becomes rigid and coarse (sandy). The elongated dog on the neck, tanks and combs, especially the clutch, are peculiar only to the northern type. The grey wolf suit is characteristic of barks; sexual is a modification of the wolf’s suit in the other direction – it is, in fact, light red, and red wolves, as well as huskies, are often, but between them there is never red. Laiki and wolves, like most of the canines, belong to the light-faced, and they are uncharacteristic, and if there are, the light and often separated. In general, Kishensky quite thoroughly considers the distribution of the dog and the suit so important and stable breeding grounds that it is possible to decide on the basis of their decision about the origin of the dog. Finally, the dog greyhound has “the same wolfish manner of waiting for prey at close range, aiming lying down and catching one short desperate effort; the latter, which has been the subject of selection for generations, has evolved into a fabulous shot-like shotgun.”

Be that as it may, almost 50 years after the capture of Kazan and began mixing the winners with the defeated and native dog with the present, Tsar Boris already sends two greyhounds to the Persian Shah Abbas, of course, a new Russian breed, as the Tatar greyhounds were little different from the Persians, did not represent anything interesting for the Persians and their parcel had no sense. In addition, probably refers to the mention of ancient Polish authors about the dogs of Slovenian, with the merits of which Poles had the opportunity to see in the times of interregnum and impostors. It is known historically that the first impostor was a passionate lover of dog hunting and bear baiting, and that he and the Surrounding Polish Pans brought with them a considerable number of Polish harts. The latter, having their own merits, could even have some, though insignificant, influence on the statues of canines, perhaps a little ennobled their overall appearance, improved ears and rules. However, even Tsar Fedor Ioannovich English merchants brought greyhounds, cops and bulldogs.

It is hard to expect that in troubled times of the late 16th and early 17th centuries dog hunting flourished in the Moscow state. In the suburbs, obviously, there were no good dogs, if Tsar Mikhail Theodorovich had to send for them in the northern

Red fox-shaped huskies are found in Finland and make up a separate breed.

bearish side. In 1619, he sends to Galic, Chukhlomu, Soligalic, Sudai, Kologrov and Unju two hunters and three horse-drawn dogs with the order to take in those places from all sorts of people dogs greyhounds, hounds, medelian and bears. The letter even ordered the mayors to give the archers, guns and sendmen to help against those boyars, nobles and other locals who would not want to voluntarily part with their favorite dogs and bears. Hence the direct conclusion that the present Kostroma province was indeed the birthplace of dog greyhounds and Russian hounds and in it in the 17th century met the best, most typical representatives.

It must be assumed that it is from the era of the romanov house that the ordering of dog hunting begins and bringing it into a coherent system and Russian greyhounds are finally isolated in a separate, independent breed. In 1635, there was a “Regul, belonging to the dog hunt”, composed by the so-called Riga German Christian Olgerdovich von Lesssin in German. From this “Regula” we can see that in the dog hunt of the tugdash time a certain terminology has been developed, in which there were already very few Tatar words; that the Tatar remained only hunting clothes, saddles and signals, which began not from a high tone, as in the west, but from a low; that, at last, the Tatar fold greyhounds, if not transferred at all, then become very rare. Von Lessin describes only one breed of dog greyhounds, which have “dogs and foxes like vortices, a dog long hanging, no matter what wool, like a tow,” i.e. straight, not wavy. Thus, already at the beginning of the 17th century, the Russian greyhound was sharply distinguished by the length and softness of the dog and could not have almost the same short coat as the Crimean, only with undercoat, i.e. the one described by Mr. Gubin under the name of purepsova, considered by him for the oldest breed of Russian greyhounds.

Tsar Alexei Mihajlovic, as can be seen from historical documents, mainly from his letters, hunted almost exclusively with birds and, if he poisoned the wolves and hares with greyhounds, it is very rare. This did not prevent him from appreciating the greyhounds and, together with the Falcons, sending them to the Persian Shah, probably to western European states. By this time, falconry is at its highest development, but at the same time it is the property of a few individuals; baiting with greyhounds, apparently, begins to replace bullying

Kutepov.

This (handwritten) regul was found recently in the archives of the Counts of Panin.

catching birds, and the boyar of the times of the kings from the house of the Romanovs, apparently, amused mainly by dog hunting, less often hunting with a hawk. Probably, then there was a well-known saying: falconry – royal, dog – bar, shotgun – Psarskaya, as well as a saying-mystery (runs a penny, for a penny ruble, for a ruble one hundred rubles, and a hundred rubles and no price). Firearms began to be used for hunting animals (large) from the time of John the Terrible, but, apparently, until Peter III, when the shooting of the flight, which became known in the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, Russian nobles considered shameful hunting with a gun and continued to take even bears and elk from under dogs knives and horns, feathered wild, and it was very difficult to catch.

Peter the Great was not a hunter at all: during his boiling activity he had no time to have fun hunting. But his grandson Peter II was a passionate dog hunter, and probably the study of the archives of imperial hunting in particular will shed a lot of light on dog hunting at the beginning of the last century. Undoubtedly, together with the founding of St. Petersburg and constant relations with the Baltic knighthood began the interaction of the Russian greyhound and the Baltic Brudath. This influence was particularly affected in the reign of Anna Ioannovna, during the time of Byron and the influence of the Liandians, who received extensive estates in Central Russia. Russian hunters had to be amazed by the growth, strength and malice of the Kurland brucers, and the Kurland barons and the new Russian German landlords, in turn, were captivated by the fast and beautiful of Russian dogs. It is very high in the early 18th century that the Baltic Greyhounds already had a significant mixture of Irish wolfhounds, which were obliged by their outstanding qualities. In the letters of F. Naumov and Artemy Volynsky to Count S. A. Saltykov, dating back to 1734, repeatedly mention the black and chubaro-pegy brudaths who “jumped not famously.” Similarly, from these letters it can be concluded that Russian hunters strenuously interbred different breeds of greyhounds – English, Polish brudath – between themselves and with dogs.

Although there is no description, no drawings of Kurland bruda greyhounds, or clokes of the past century, but it is safe to say that they belonged, like local bars and bruda hounds, not to bristly-haired mountain type, but to soft-haired, curly, that is, plain type, which includes a sheepdog and poodle. It is very likely that in the ancient Ostsei castles there will be portraits of barons with brutal greyhounds, paintings depicting bullying by them, and in the family archives – correspondence, casting light on this now-disappeared breed. Undoubtedly one thing, the Kurland clumps were sharply different from the Scottish and other greyhounds; when they began to grow out, the Ostzei Germans began to interfere with them, on the one hand, with the Russian dogs, and on the other – with the Irish wolfhounds and, probably, with the Scottish dirhounds.

These crossings gave, as you would expect, different results: in the first case, the dog greyhound lengthened the dog’s clos, made it softer, properly wavy, even curled. Other cross-breeding dogs with unbreeded dogs, and there is no doubt about the strange and not yet explained fact that such mixes very often unusually lengthened the dog! This was how the Irish water spaniels, also the German cord-poodles, were formed. During the repeated interbreeding of the received cross-crosses with the dog disappeared mustache, eyebrows and beard. Dogs have become smooth-footed, smooth-legged, smooth-tailed, with curly dog, like a sheep, at first glance strikingly similar to the Irish water spaniel, only huge, sharp-hearted and greyhound-like. You would think that the Kurland dogs descended from the cross-kneading of the Curland clogs with the harts of adjacent Poland. But this opinion is contradicted by the low-prevalence, elongated dog on the neck and especially the extraordinary rod, connected with the throw, inherited from the dog; malice, strength and growth are transferred to them, of course, by shreds and increased by selection. It is very possible,4 that in the withdrawal of this breed the main role belonged not to the Ostzei barons, but to Russian dog hunters, more interested in greyhounds and hunting with them than the Germans, whose character it did not correspond at all. Hardly in the Baltic region there was ever a real dog hunt for the Russian-Tatar specimen, and probably the barons used greyhounds mainly for baiting wolves. We only know that Russian hunters of the last century have repeatedly crossed dogs with brudast – both Irish and Kurland. The famous Beast of Prince G. F. Baryatinsky, who took alone the mother wolf (see. The Greyhounds), came from Reed-Kapa, an Irish wolfhound discharged from England by the Kurdish landowner Blum, and a dog.

Thus, around the 50s of the last century a new breed of canine greyhounds was formed with many signs of brudath, only bare-footed. But since these Kurland dogs had a very clumsy appearance and too sharply stood out between Russian dog beauties, it is quite natural that Russian hunters could not be satisfied with the appearance of Kurland dogs and, in turn, began to strenuously mix them with thoroughbred Russian dogs. The result was the final disappearance of the brudath type, both in the dog and in the warehouse, but the dog has improved – it has become longer, thinner and thicker. A new species was formed, which, unlike the indigenous breed, began to be called a dense-pop. From here it is clear comparison of Gubin a dog greyhound, as he calls actually a dense-pop, with eagle trotters, and his opinion that this breed was bred recently, so that in the early eight hundred years it was considered a great rarity and was valued very dear according to Gubin, landowner of Shatsky county P. E. Mosolov, having real dogs (fat), sold them in Poland. From the further description it is clear that Gubin considers the dog product of mixing pureps greyhound, considered by him the ancient Russian breed, with the Kurland dog on the grounds that between the canine (thick-) expressed often holosherish in the type of pureps. “Regu-lom” von Lessin clearly proves that in the 17th century there was only one, or dominated, breed of greyhounds with a long dog “like a tow,” and therefore, Gubin’s opinion, however, and not supported, does not stand up to any criticism.

Despite the fact that Elizaveta Petrovna, while still a princess, was distinguished by an extraordinary love for dog hunting, we could not find a single printed information about how and with which greyhounds she hunted in the suburban village of Izmaylov and other places. But even in the even longer reign of Catherine the Great did not come out any hunting books, from which it would be possible to compose a concept about the then dog hunts and breeds of greyhounds. Only a handwritten book, probably a copy, “The Guide to Gun Hunting” by the rangersman Peter III Bastian, which says nothing about greyhounds, has been preserved; 1778 (?) and 1785. G.B. “The Dog Hunter” was published, a translation of some, probably handwritten, Polish book, which included a description of a chort greyhound. In the 2nd edition of “The Perfect Ranger” (17) the description of the greyhound and the dog ‘hunting is a literal reprint of the “Dog Hunter”, so that almost the only printed information about the Russian dog hunt and Russian greyhounds of the time of Catherine we find in “Notes of Bolotov” (1791), only a few lines, and in

It is more than likely that the gusto greyhound was bred by Count A. G. Orlov.

Dubrovin’s essays about Pugachevshchina, which mentions the greyhounds of the Siberian landowner Ermolov (grandfather of our contemporary N. P. Ermolov), sent to him by Count Panin, the subterfuze of the Pugachev revolt. However, in the 60s, it seems that a guide to dog hunting under the name “On the order of dog hunting of greyhounds and hounds” was drawn up for Count A. G. Orlov. This book, written under titles, was presented to the famous dog hunter Of the Siberian lips. N.M. Naumov, from whom she passed to P.M. Machevarianov. As for the book “The Dog Hunter” of 1728 (?) of the year, which Gubin mentions several times in his manual, it would be thought that this is the same “Dog Hunter” by G. B. mentioned above; but since Mr. Gubin goes on to say that he writes out from this old book the frets of Kurland greyhounds, which G.B. does not mention at all, it must be concluded that he has some of the hunters and bibliographers not known book about dog hunting. In all likelihood, it is handwritten and written later than 1728.

For the first time, we meet the division of Russian greyhounds into breeds only in Levshin’s “The Book for Hunters” and in his “Universal and Full Economics” dating back to the beginning of this century. The Book for Hunters (p. 24) states that “dog dogs are divided into common canines and dense dogs. To the latter, first of all, the dogs, actually called Russian, having a long coat in curls, a very thick and long dog on the rule.” And then: “The dogs have a very thick, long and clumpy coat. The Sikhs are also divided into bearded ordinarys and clogs. Clokes have all over the body, even on the head and legs, the wool is thick, stiff, sometimes curly. The best of them (?) Kurland; the heads, ears, legs to elbows and tail are as if shaved; The other body is covered with thick wool…”

Almost the same thing is repeated in “Universal and Full Economics.” “1) Russian dogs are thick-stalwarts, have thick hair in curls, i.e. long braids, waves hanging; tail, or, in a hunting, usually, with thick, pigtails the same with a hair-like fringe. 2) The dogs have a rather thick coat, but without curls. 3) Boring (?),

It is the phrase: “not narrow and not round, would be wide on top”; rule “in a pure sickle and in itself would be free.”

It can be assumed, however, that it was composed for the leadership of the young Emperor Peter II (1727-1730).

Inako Kurland called, have a thick, stiff and curly coat. The native Kurland dog should have a head, ears and legs on the knee with low smooth hair, as if shaved, the mill and other parts are covered with thick hair, except the tail, which should be naked and sick, i.e. in the ring bent …” As you can see, kurland dogs here are incorrectly classified as brutal, as they are holodards. In both books, “Polish! English and Crimean” and not a word is mentioned about pure-pop. How could this breed of canines occur and where could the opinion that it is an ancient, indigenous breed of Russian greyhounds, proving its blood by the fact that it never “express surprises like dogs”, and the very name “pure dog” in the sense of lack of any sub-mix and “purity” of the dog by sight? Although Mr. Gubin refers to the unknown book “The Dog Hunter”, in which there are as if the name and description of pureps, but all the old hunters, of which many began a hunting career at the beginning of this century, never considered pure-russian native Russian breed, and the later product of a mixture of dogs with chorty and oriental greyhounds, most of them – not even the unidentified breed. We cannot, of course, certainly deny the possibility of existence in any area of Central Russia with a long time offspring of greyhounds with a very short dog, but with a undercoat like the aforementioned Cuban greyhounds. Such a breed could have been formed from the mixing of the eastern greyhound with some short-haired husky, like the last greyhound, but it is likely that it could have come from the harts given by the Poles in the late 16th and early 17th centuries along with the impostor. The influence of the Polish Harts continued in the 18th century, and from the letters of Volynsky and Saltykov we see that Russian dog hunters admired the growth of the chorus of the Lithuanian Count of Savishi and intended to knit it with the Polish same or bruce bitch. Artemis Volynsky also wrote that “one English nobleman brought him an English bitch; such a naive has not yet seen”, from the fact that in the reign of Anna Ioannovna were not particularly rare and English greyhounds. The beauty and purity of the forms of the latter, which had no sub-mixes of the bulldog, were seductive for the Russian dog hunters, and it is not surprising that they at every opportunity mixed Polish and English chorths to their dogs.

In any case, such cross-sorts in the last century could not be particularly frequent and systematic and met only at the big bar, who had intercourse, had acquaintance with Polish tycoons and members of the English embassy, as Volynsky,

Saltykov, Panin and Orlov. Chistops could stand out in an independent race only at the beginning of this century, at the end of the Napoleonic wars. If even now, when the number of dog hunters has decreased at least ten times against the former, in our memory at the end of the Sevastopol campaign of the last Turkish war, even the Akhal-Teke expedition29, were brought to Russia by the military of dozens, hundreds of Crimeans, Turkish greyhounds and Turkmen basins, at the beginning of this century Russian officers could not be ashamed of this kind of live contraception and without the desire to please all the best. It is known for sure that all our native cops come from French, partly German legaches, given in huge numbers from France and Germany. And since most hunter-officers were then dog hunters, not gun hunters, it follows that at the end of the Napoleonic wars a lot of people got to Russia and greyhounds, mainly Polish choristers, part of the English or close to them, then did not make up a great rarity in the whole of Western Europe, especially in Poland and used mainly for baiting hares.

Thus, in the twenties of this century in Russia there were four independent breeds of dog greyhounds: Russian dog, kurland, gustops and pureps, and each of them had sharp, more or less visual differences even for the uninitiated. In these times, almost every wealthy landowner, suburban provinces in particular, charged himself with a moral duty to keep greyhounds and hounds, sometimes in large numbers – hundreds. Many of the owners of such large plants out of false narcissism did not allow to interfere with their dogs with strangers and led the breed in absolute purity, adhering to one of these types with some small differences of warehouse, growth and mainly color. As a result of such closed breed management in different areas formed numerous varieties – offspring of these types, which had very stable passed signs and called by the name of the owners. It is impossible, in fact, to allow the identity of the yaroslavl and Vladimir landowners of the hunters of the greyhounds. There were thick-ish curls, a kilo and with a straight dog, leached and with rather convex ribs, there were, at last, a lot of such family breeds, which could not be attributed to any particular type, as they were intermediate.

Although in the Turkish wars of the last century30 Russian dog hunters and exported from Crimea and Moldova a considerable number of fold-hounds, but they for a long time did not have and could not have a noticeable effect on the frets and jump of Russian dogs. The real steppe baiting and hunting of the race were then almost unknown, and there was only island riding and baiting from under the hounds, and required a rod and a throw, but not force in the sense of ability to long jump. Russian hunters, as now, were afraid to spoil, or rather, disfigure the canine cross of the steppe, mainly because the latter for a long time, i.e. for several generations, passed the hanging ears, completely not harmonizing the general species of the dog. Permanent

It’s Rice. 5. Mountain Greyhound (“Hunting Calendar”)

island riding in the forest provinces served to the extraordinary development of speed at short distances to the detriment of power. If we take into account the often stubborn conduct of the breed in itself, i.e. closed, despite the periodically devastated kennel plague, leading to forced incest and degeneration, it is not surprising that when the forests thinned in 20 – 30 years, the famous dense-pop were unsuitable for prolonged persecution in the Poles, especially in the steppes of Saratov, Voronezh and other black-earth provinces. More prudent southern hunters interfered with their dense-pop with pureps or with English and Polish chorta, which, of course, could not spoil the general appearance of the Russian greyhound, and its ears in particular. But the old-style English greyhound was not strong, itself was degeneration and could not improve the loose build-up of the dense.

At this critical moment, when most of the dog hunters began to grumble on the short-heartedness of the dense, on the stage came greyhounds, who were still almost unknown and combined force with a rod and steel legs, not broken in any stabbing and ice. They were mountain greyhounds of the Caucasian Tatars and Persian Kurds31, different from the steppe basins of the Turkmens.

The first slides were brought to Russia by Field Marshal Count I. V. Gudovich and his associates after the Arpaci case (in 1807), where the Persian seraskir Yusuf Pasha was broken. Some of these dogs were kutsy and were distinguished by the extraordinary development of the ass, which made them very dodgy on hijacking, despite the lack of a tail. But the glory of mountain greyhounds begins, in fact, with the famous Heart (Major General P.A. Ivashkin), originating from the dogs of I.A. Ko-lgrivov and derived from the crossing of the mountain with pureps. Over the course of 5 years (from 1818 to 1823)Heart was distinguished by phenomenal friskyness on the Moscow gardens, where he did not meet rivals. Heart did not catch, but, so to speak, beat the beast (hare), jumping b. hours forward. There was no example that he would not only miss a hare, but also kill him from the first hijacking. It was in the full sense of a dashing dog.

Extraordinary frolic of the Heart was the reason that all very rich and very passionate hunters began to get from the Caucasus mountain greyhounds and mix them with canines, with some adhered to the dog, others, who had the opportunity to deliver new producers – mountain type. In addition to Kologrivov, Ivashkin, the mountain greyhounds were from A. A. Stolypin, the Saratov provincial leader, E. N. Timashev, A.P. Krav-kov, and especially General A.V. Jiharev, who led them until his death in almost pure form. Cherkes’ blood, wiped out

See. “Y. connose. and hunting,” 1842,No. Here for the first time the term purepsy is used in print, but not in the sense of breed, but to refer to the blood, purity of the canine, which is proved by the dash between words. It must be assumed that at this time the dense-pop prevailed and purely dog was relatively small. Later, as it is known, the name purepsov began to apply to the Russian greyhounds, who had a relatively short dog and came from mixing dogs with both chorty and eastern greyhounds.

It was the Anatolian kus, presented by some Circassian (?) prince, who married Stolypin’s relative. Brought red-peg dog and black bitch (Machevarian. Letters. – “Pr. and hunting,” 1880, VII).

Den from Persia, there were mostly dogs kaluga hunters: Chelishchev greyhounds also had among the ancestors of the mountain greyhounds (since the 1920s).

The Turkish campaign of 1828, in turn, had the consequence of many eastern greyhounds exported to Russia – Crimean and Turkish itself; Caucasian officers, returning to their homeland, constantly brought mountain dogs. The famous Stolypin bitch Lubezna, later (in the 30s?) Otradna A.S. Khomyakov, distinguished in Moscow gardens, also came from the Anatolian pieces stolypin, mixed with the canine, even more contributed to the consolidation of the glory of the eastern greyhounds and the opinion about the need to cross the dog with the 9s for the first lack of strength. “I should have seen,” Machevarianov said, “as the saratov gentlemen and, in imitation of them, the adjacent provinces of the hunters, puzzled by the Crimeans, rushed to get the dogs with the ears. There was no dissection of blood, no thoroughbreds, no articles, no fret: if only the ears hung; and it was easy to get it from the Kalmyks and Kyrgyz roaming in the Astrakhan and Saratov steppes. How many times in the analysis of these non-tops were mentioned princes Tyumen and Junger-Bukeyev as the main broods of such eminent breeds; Shamil was also the bravest.” A huge number of Crimeans were brought to the southern and middle black-earth provinces after the Crimean campaign.

Unsurprisingly, by the 1860s, most of the canines were mixed with crimeans, generally eastern greyhounds, lost a long dog and a characteristic staging of the ears – in the mortgage, that is, made short-haired and got an ear with a snatch, although short, but loose. These jumbled canines have been known to us around the 50s by the not quite correct name of pureps, implying they have a short captive dog. Such pure-pop dogs had at one time a very large distribution, but, in fact, did not have time to stand out in a special breed with permanent signs, as under this name were reasoned not only the exchange of dogs with the eastern, the most numerous, but also the products of crossing dogs with discharged English and Polish chorty greyhounds, of which many were brought to Russia in 1831 after the first Polish uprising. Therefore, the very popular belief that pure greyhounds came solely from mixing canines with English is wrong, and such Anglops were a minority. However, back in the 1920s, the English

“Zap. Hunter Simbirsk, Lips., p. 41.

Bitch Modestka, who belonged to Polivanova, made to pay attention to the English greyhounds, but since they did not correspond to our climate and in those days got with great difficulty, they were rarely seen by a few advanced dog hunters, who willingly, however, mixed the blood of English and choristers to the dog, as these cross-ears could not have such an ugly ear.

It can be said in the affirmative that by the 1860s all Russian dogs had lost their thoroughbreds, which could hardly have been found between them a greyhound without the slightest, even remote,

Fig. 6. Crimean Greyhound (“Hunting Calendar”)

impurities of the blood of the vistus. The Kurland dogs disappeared without a trace, probably even earlier, and only vague memories of them remained; there are no real dense-nesses, too, even in their homeland , in the provinces, lying to the north and east of Moscow. There were only better and worse-dressed dogs, and all almost had a loose ear: ears were kept in the form of a rare exception. The liberation of the peasants immediately reduced by at least three-quarters the number of dog hunts, which survived only the most zealous, true hunters, and before not particularly relying on the psa eels; this, of course, could not be conducive to careful management of the breed. The ancient type of dense-pop is so lost that some hunters, and the elderly, began to express the opinion that this breed never existed, mythical.

Indeed, at the Polytechnic Exhibition of 1872 and the first regular Imperial Hunting Society in 1874, there was not only not a single real dense dog, but most of the dogs, called dogs, were actually pure-pop.

These exhibitions, which had the importance of inspection of the available material, showing the complete absence and loss of certain types, served to unite the dog hunters and convinced them to refrain from further mixing of dogs with chorets and viscies and stick to the same type. As we shall see further, the result of crossing different family varieties was a modern dog, different from the former canine and densely muscular large development of muscles and greater strength, preserving their rod, and sometimes throwing. The 90s’ gardens showed, however, that these “improved” dogs could not yet compete in speed, compete with English and that in relation to the speed of greyhound racing we were as far behind the English as we lagged behind the Americans in trotting sport.

From this brief essay of the origin of our dogs it is obvious that the history of greyhounds in Russia can be divided into 4 periods. The first period – Tatar – from the 13th century to Alexei Mikhailovich, during which a new breed of Russian greyhounds was produced and the order of dog hunting was established. The 2nd period begins with von Lessin’s “Regula” and bringing greyhound hunting into a slender system and is characterized by a fascination with greyhounds, their malice, growth and strength, then the withdrawal of new breeds – Kurland dog and gustop. The third period – from the 1920s until the liberation of the peasants – is characterized by the fashion for the eastern greyhounds, the goofy mix of all the former breeds, the perfect disappearance of the Kurland dog and the almost complete loss of the dense-pop type. Finally, the newest, modern period of ours is distinguished by the desire of hunters to develop from the remaining material a universal dog, which would catch both in the distance and short, as well as the termination of experiments on the interbreeding of Russian greyhounds with Oriental and English.

As for the first period, there is little chance that it will ever be clarified. About the greyhounds of the last century, probably, in time will be found abundant material in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, imperial hunting and some noble families. About the dog hunt of the early 19th century there is already a sufficient number of printed evidence of contemporaries, and one can imagine a fairly complete picture of the activities of dog hunters before emancipation. The distinctive features of this period: first the numerous varieties, caused by the desire of each large dog hunter to bring out their own breed, then the most careless mixing of them. Many of these family offspring had more or less sharp differences in frets, suits and internal qualities, so sharp that an experienced eye connoisseur could determine the dog’s belonging to one or another known hunt.

Let’s consider now the main of these family offspring.

We know that in Catherine’s times they were known as the owners of large kennels. F. Baryatinsky, the owner of the famous half-brothered Beast (see page 63), such historical figures as Count zubov, who very much wanted to receive this Beast, and Count P. I. Panin, who, and pacifying the Pugachev revolt, did not forget about the dogs, as can be seen from his letter to O.A. Pozdeev, which speaks of the rezving of the dog. , the grandfather of the famous dog hunters N.P. Ermolov, who recently died.

The greyhounds of I.P. Lyapunov also enjoyed high-profile fame in the early 19th century between hunters of the Tambov and Voronezh provinces. They were real gusty with an unusually long and thin dog, which was worried about the slightest movement of air even in the room. Thanks to the dogs of Lipunov from small-town nobles became a general-guarantor, acquired great funds and friendship of St. Prince P. V. Lopukhin. From Lipunov’s dense-pop occur cans A.V. Jihareva (see below).

I. Kologrivov, the famous half-mountain dog Heart, bought by General P. A. Ivashkin, apparently had a larger part of the interfering dogs. The same semi-pop belonged to Plekirkh, presented to him by the famous Orlov hunter N.V. Kireevsky. Blood of Kologriv dogs was also in the greyhounds S. Glebov; many greyhounds in kursk province have the ancestor of the Ferocious IB. I. Kologrivova (son). The ferocious, in turn, came from the famous mountain male Count Gudovich and the dog. From -Heart, as you know, there was no offspring; The ferociously tied with the dog bitch Pulka /Masolevsky, gave a number of frisky dogs.

Khrapovitsky’s dogs in Kaluga and Khodalei (in Tula?) were also of mixed origin – semi-gorsky, and many were even kovsy. Cherkes, a male Persian (?) breed, accidentally acquired by Khrapowitzky, became the ancestor of most of the greyhound Kaluga hunters – N.M. Smirnov, P. A. Bereznikov, V. F. Belkin, M.A. Geyer, N.V. Ma-sharova, N. P. Sorokhtin.

See. Tomiline’s article in “Prir. and hunting,” 1890,May. G. Kashkarov in the April book “Y. Hunting” 1878. explains in detail the origin of these dogs. Cherkes, by all accounts, was a pure-sis, not an eastern greyhound, as he had his ears laid back. Khrapovitsky started hunting (in Maloyaroslavetsky u. ) since 1846. From Cherkes and gray with the underpunds of the dog-sucking Saiga Prime Major A. St. Belkin was a red Black Sea Mars I and a half-bull snake. Mars was different

More details are available about the rocks of dense-pop Tregubov, Plescheva, Suschev in Vladimir and adjacent provinces, breeds famous for beauty and friskyness. This is how P. M. Machevarianov describes them.

Tregubovsky, “The dog is generally rude; growth average (!): males fifteen, and fourteen tops. Head with a forehead, but dry and with a duct among the forehead; The tong is dry and folding; eyes are huge skill, dark-colored, shiny and intelligent; ears are small, thin, put together and absolutely sharp – the end, and on the back of the head lie tightly one near the other. Steppe and the corps of the richness of the unspeakable; ribs are dense, barrel-like and down four fingers below the elbows; the sacrum is long and wide!.. Six fingers are placed between the rear maclaks; Black meat is huge. The body is strong and firm as an oak; the rule is subtle – really and short, with a rare, but long lavatory dog. The hind legs are set wide, the front legs are straight as arrows, and although rough, but bony, springy and dry; the grooves are glued together, (paw) in a lump, and the dog stands on the claws. Psovia is wavy and silky; its color is predominantly floor-to-floor, chubar, poluge-pegi and chubaro-pegi. This breed was the fiercest: from it was born a lot of dashing dogs. The throw of these dogs is fabulous. Their homeland is the Vladimir province of Suzdal county. But only this breed because of its richness and excess energy did not like lying and required constant work; otherwise it will either get fat or it will not be held back by any constipation.

The breed of orbak pleschev was the beauty of the perfect! All stalwarts: arshin, and males – arshin and one and a half tops in inclination; with long proud necks, statuesic to grace and extremely frisky. At the pleschev dogs, when the ears were raised unusually spitefulness, coupled with frolics (once they were poisoned in the morning 12 russ, and he took a wolf alone). From Cherkes and the choral black-and-peg of the Village there was Cherkiza, from which both Mars, as well as Sultan (son of Cherkes and Zaletka) were led by greyhound dogs Berezni-kova and Smirnov. From the other son of Cherkes and Saletka – Arab and half-strong Serpent came the famous Siberia A. A. Atryganiev, dark blue with red underced males of enormous height, extraordinary width and strength, very angry, but with fallen eyes. Dogs Berez-nikova and Smirnov, who had a common hunt, were more part of black and black-peg in the underces and pure-pop, sometimes even chorty. Gayer dogs come from V.F. Belkin’s greyhounds, related dogs Hrapovitsky, Bereznikov and Smirnov. The snatch in the ears, which was noticed in the Geyer, Belkin and Mazharov dogs, was given by the semi-Crimean bitch of the sarnitsa. Siberia subsequently passed to N.M. Smirnov.

you, then the ends of them bent in advance. The dog is straight, soft and glossy. Its color is mostly white, gray and grey-pegi.

The breed of Ushchev dogs was like a pleschevskaya; but only had the following drawbacks: many dogs were white-nosed and with undersized eyes, and some – one eye had a great skill, and the other – small, white and snub. These dogs were unusually fervent, tenacious and excellent under the island, but in the fields far yielded to Tregubovsky and Pleschev. The color of the dog is white with sexual specks on the ears in the form of peas; there were also pogagues.”

From this description it is clear that Tregubov dogs could not be called gustops and, undoubtedly, contained the admixture of the Mountain.

In addition to these greyhounds should also mention the dogs of Count Apraxin, Nazariev, Voropanov, Koltovsky, Perkhurov, Prince Chekhdaev, Kostroma landlords Mustafina, Pavlov, who were also famous for their hounds.

Almost all of the designated hunts did not exist by the early 1870s; only the blood of some greyhounds in other owners has been preserved. The following family breeds belong to the modern dogs, which are evident at the beginning of the exhibitions.

Jiharev greyhounds. Retired Major General Aleksandr Jikharev, who died in 1881 at the age of 92, the landowner of the Tambov lip., began to hunt independently in 1815 and led his breed from the aforementioned Lipunov dogs, it was from Satan, light-water-peggo Dos eachi and gray-headed Biyan-ki, distinguished by the length and subtlety of the dog, which in the following generations, however, due to less care became shorter and rougher. In the 60s and 70s, the hunting of Jihareva was mainly famous for mountain greyhounds, which had a small subs of cans, not dogs. The latter undoubtedly had a subsion of mountain, as their ears were dissolved, as well as a subs of Kurland dogs, expressed in the curlyness of the dog of some dogs (Award N. A. Boldarev, etc.). He never exhibited his dogs, but their blood is valued and now in some hunts. In our time, the Schiharev dogs were no longer beautiful and thoroughbred, but were very angry and quite frisky, although not to the extent that they used to be in the 50s and 60s. Much more typical and bloodier were the densely-pop Borisogleb landowner A.S. Vysheslavtsev, who wrote under the pseudonym of the Old Hunter, who led the breed of grandfather clean until the 70s. A somewhat idealized portrait of one of his males was repeatedly placed in hunting magazines. The last member of the Milka breed was tied to one of the Jigarev males; her children were distinguished only by the length of the dog and the gray-pega mast, but were roughheads and had loose ears, although one of them, Shaitan G. A. Chertkova, received on V line. exhibition of a large silver medal.

Even more important for canine hunters in the last twenty years were the Machevarian dogs, perhaps the most claret and beautiful modern Russian greyhounds, which, however, did not have typical signs of canids, since they did not conclude a particularly long-standing subset of mountain dogs. According to P. M. Machevaria-nova himself* **, the breed is conducted by him from his (?) dogs, Tregubov, Nau-mov and Saltykovsky. In the late forties, he, setting out to give his dogs a greater width of frets and more strength in the race, let into the breed the blood of mountain greyhounds A. V. Zhikharev and A. A. Stolypin (Foblaz Belyakov, presented to the latter by Zhikharev). Half-and-a-half were then knitted with thoroughbred canids, and thus they bred a special kind of canid, distinguished by the beauty of the head, large skilled eyes, extreme width of the back, not quite correct (not in the back) ears, relatively thin and short canine and the rule of turning. These dogs were famous (since the 50s) in Simbirsk and neighboring provinces for their extraordinary agility, but not different.

* N. A. Kareev wrote that his father A. N. sold Protasyev 3 males, including the famous black-and-white Predatory (Nazimov breed). That Protasyev had dogs very canidy and even in curls, it is clear from the words of V. Nasonov (“Pr. and Hunting”, 1892, July). ** “Hunting Zh.”, 1876, July.

They were vicious and small in stature. In the seventies, they were already so crushed and degenerate that Machevarianov was forced in 1873 to look for kindred producers to continue the breed and turned to the Arzamas landowner N. P. Yermolov for this purpose.

Yermolov dogs differed little from Machevarian dogs, as they had a similar origin, contained the same blood, although, perhaps, they had an even more ancient pedigree. We have seen above that even the great-grandfather of N. P. Ermolov had (in 1776) remarkable in beauty and agility gray-piebald canids (densely puffed?). Yermolov’s great-grandfather led the breed from the dogs of his great-grandfather, so that the dogs were kept in the same genus without mixing other (not canid) breeds for almost two centuries – a fact in the hunting chronicles unparalleled. Only the grandfather of N. P. Ermolov, having taken out a mountain male, got mixed dogs. A second time, the blood of the slides was mixed into the breed in 1851. It was through the Polugorsk male Lyubim I (from the purebred mountain male Yanenko and the canine Letka N. N. Ermolov). Then in 1860, the byda breed was renewed by Tre-Gubov Slava, and in 1869 by Machevarian Diamond. Since 1873, N. P. Ermolov and P. M. Machevarianov have already bred one common breed.

After the deaths of Machevarianov in 1880 and Yermolov in 1889, their dogs scattered throughout Russia, and now you will find few hunts that do not contain the blood of these greyhounds. But purebred Machevarian or Yermolov, it seems, no one has*; closest to; this breed of greyhounds of P. F. Filatov, containing a lot of blood of Machevarian dogs.

In addition to these extinct and mixed with each other and other canine offspring, it is worth mentioning the dogs of Karakozov, Likharev, Rataev, Stupishin, Nazaryev, Voropanov. The greyhounds of Karakozov (Atkar county) were distinguished by their height, the width of the warehouse, a short, relatively thick tong and a relatively short dog; they were particularly famous for spitefulness; many did not jump after the mermaid at all. Of these, the famous Kosmach (not with a cross between a Courland dog or a Brudasta?) caught up with the old hungry wolf and took it alone. Likharev dogs were real thick-haired dogs of the old type, which proves Perepelkin’s Porazai at the exhibition, very similar to the drawing of the densely packed Vysheslavtsev. According to some, Likharev canids are descended from the former Kareev greyhounds. Rataev,

* After the death of N. P. Yermolov, the best producers: the famous Kara and The Heart, as well as Leprosy, Bold and Glory, acquired P. N. Belousov and still has several thoroughbred Yermolov.

the former manager of the imperial hunt, the landowner of the Romanovsky Uyezd of the Yaroslavl Governorate, is known to hunters mainly for the Villain, whose blood is found in many modern greyhounds, but the Villain does not seem to have come from his dogs, since all hunting was sold to them as early as 1852. N. D. Stupipshn (Sergiev mineral waters) had until the 80s remarkably typical thick-puffed, originating from the famous once (in the 40s?) Demidov hunting in Sivertsy (St. Petersburg province). The last Stupishin greyhounds, together with Nazaryevsky dogs close to them (?) in appearance, were acquired by the recently deceased P. F. Durasov in 1888. The blood of voropanov dogs, also very remarkable in beauty and agility, was preserved (?) in the dogs of P. Dolinsky.

All these varieties can be considered extinct, so to speak, dissolved in other rocks. Currently, due to exhibitions, convenience of communications, all dog hunters have managed to reacquaint themselves with each other and it is hardly possible to find greyhounds in anyone who would be kept clean, without adding the blood of other unrelated dogs for 20, even 10 years. Most modern greyhounds have acquired a common type, which can be called modern canid, that is, all breeds and varieties, mixed with each other, were as if brought to one denominator. Gone are the traces of the thick-toothed, mainly the narrow deep chest, the flat ribs, the long wavy, especially the curly dog, inherited from the Courland canids, extinct much earlier; all these signs are now noticed in a few dogs as an exception, according to the law of atavism, remembering the breed. There were no pure greyhounds of both English and Eastern origin, although in the south of Russia canids always get a shortened dog. The stupid crossings of canids with folds ended, and at the same time timid attempts to restore the obsolete thick-skinned, in its somewhat caricature form, ceased. All Russian greyhounds have received a common, rather monotonous, but still uncertain (?) appearance and differ among themselves, in fact, only in greater or less beauty, more or less coarseness of forms, which depends not so much on the tastes of the owner as on whether they prefer agility to spitefulness or vice versa. It is highly doubtful that in any corner of Russia can survive dogs of a hitherto unknown breed, that is, varieties without an admixture of blood of dogs of Machevarian-Yermolov, Protasiev, Zhikharev and in the specifics of Kareev.

*Cm. publication in “Mosk. led.”, 1852, No. 143. 17 hounds and 20 greyhounds were for sale.

Of the modern greyhounds, the most common, if not famous, are the Protasiev-Yermolovsko-Kareev dogs, namely the dogs of S. S. Kareev (nephew of the famous hunter A. N. Kareev), although the latter, due to frequent crossbreeds, are less bloody than the dogs of N. A. Kareev (son of A. N. Kareev, whose hunting was glorified by Dryansky), Drugov, V. N. Chebyshov, S. A. Baryshnikov and Prince D. B. Golitsyn, hunters who were able to stop in time and keep in the breed of their dogs the predominance of blood in the breed of their dogs old Karelian dogs. The success of the greyhounds of S. S. Kareev is explained primarily by the fact that they were at the first

The only dogs close to the old thick-haired type had a very large height and a long dog, as well as the skill of the owner, who found in them a source of considerable income. When hunters ceased to be fond of the length of the dog and bream and got acquainted with greyhounds of another, stronger type – Protasiev and Machevarian-Yermolov, then S. S. Kareev was the first, in order to improve his breed, which had already begun to degenerate, began to add the blood of other dogs to it.

Apparently, the ancestors of S. S. Kareev’s dogs – Nayan and Vihra, from whom he led the breed, were not purebred Kareev dogs, which almost descend from the dogs of Prince Baryatinsky, a close relative in the female line of S. Kareev’s grandfather. Both dogs, at least, were half-blooded Brown dogs, and Vikhra belonged first to Korobyin and to Nayan Likharev (see above). These two manufacturers produced a number of outstanding dogs that paid general attention to the first five regular Moscow shows. Huge, 19-vershkovy Pobedim S. S. Kareeva, Nagrazhdai and Pregradka Chebyshova, Raskida Tipolta were on them undoubtedly the best representatives of Russian greyhounds and more than others approached the old type of gus-

* Korobyin (“Pr. and Hunting”, 1885, April) proves that the Vortex comes from the Villain Ivanchin and the Blizzard A. N. Kareev, who was also half-blooded, as she was born from a Babin and a Kareev male. Nayan was the son of Likharev’s Praise and Prankster A. N. Kareev. N. A. Kareev replied to this note that Nayan comes from Prankster and Rewarding his father’s dogs and that his father only gave Nayan Likharev for the breed. Later, Korsh said that the Villain, the father of the Vikhra, was a Mosolov dog, the same breed as the Svechin dogs, and the Blizzard, the mother of the Vikhra, from the Kareevsky Karay and a of another breed (Babina), belonged to N. V. Likharev, a neighbor of A. N. Kareev, who had no other dogs except Kareev.

tops. But already in the handsome Karay Kartavtseva was affected by the degeneration of the breed due to close kinship, expressed in a complete lack of energy. This fact probably prompted C C Kareev, as an experienced dog breeder-practitioner, to look for suitable producers for blood refreshment. First he was taken litter from Bnyakovsky’s Undaida (see below), then from the Military Predator; but these litters were not particularly successful, and Kareev settled on the Rataev lame Villain. The latter gave him and others from the blood-beary kareev males a lot of very good dogs, but gave most of them its slobbering and murugo-peg color. The origin of the Villain and the brother of her Sorcerer, who was at the 1st regular exhibition, is rather dark, th it can be found out, probably, in the archives of the imperial hunt. S. Kareev said at first that the Villain was a breed of Domogatsky, who led the breed from the dogs of Kareev’s grandfather Prince Baryatinsky, implicitly hinting that the Villain is also akin to The Karelian. He later claimed that it came from the dogs of a P., the landowner of one of the black-earth counties, all whose dogs entered the imperial hunt. Improved Kareev dogs were successful, but it seems that S. S Kareev, due to the high demand selling expensive prices of the best producers, was not able to properly lead the breed, and it has now lost its typical signs and growth. Of the former Karelian greyhounds, the most purebred is now preserved in the dog hunt of P. N. Belousov: it is Victory, daughter of the famous Swan S. A. Baryshnikov and Ice, originating from the famous Lubka (evil honey) and Amisky (ash honey). Detailed Victory certificate from the owner.

Other owners of modern canines should point to N.A. Brdarev, Prince D. B. Golitsyn, V. N. Chebyshov, N.V. Mazharov, Prince N. M. Vadbolsky, Chelishchev, P. F. Filatov, P. N. Korotnev, A. A. Durnovo, P. N. Belousova, N. N. Bibikov, and others.

The history of Moscow’s regular exhibitions, partly the garden – is the history of modern greyhounds, and very instructive. We see how consistently, one by one, the representatives of the main varieties are shown to them, as then the corifes of the exhibitions were the main producers and newers

The answer to N.A. Khomyakov. “Pr. and hunting,” 1885, July, “Pr. hunting,” 1892,August, p. 113.

the blood of other greyhounds, who began to be born due to the conduct in close kinship, as gradually the main varieties lost thoroughbred, not always improving on appearance and field qualities.

At the first regular exhibition (1874-75) there were, in fact, representatives of three certain varieties of canines – Kareev, Belkin and Jiharevskaya, as the origin of the greyhounds of the king’s pack remained unknown. The dogs of the Karelian breed, exhibited by S.S. Kareev, V.N. Chebyshov and A.A. Tipolt, prevailed. They paid general attention to beauty, growth, dog, but all had loose paws: a long, piled on the side of the rule and a relatively weak ass. A huge 19-year-old will win Kareev, who received a big silver. medal, was, moreover, a besled. Red-Pegi Award Chebyshova, awarded a gold medal (never more than a dog at Moscow exhibitions) and recognized as the best representative of the Kareev breed and canine in general, had a somewhat short neck and a small squat, was flattered and narrow. In fairness, Rascida Tipolta was prettier and more correct: she had an excellent head and big eyes, but a short rule and a relatively short dog; there was something pure, but its main drawback was the male stats, i.e. the shortness of the pad.

Of the other greyhounds deserved attention Award N. A. Bol-Darev (b. ser. honey) jiharev breed, distinguished by working frets, dog in curls, roughness of the head and showed a remarkable malice in the garden. His original dog, which confused some imaginary connoisseurs, came from, obviously, from impurity, perhaps distant, Kurland dog or Kurland brudast; but certainly not a sheepdog in any way. In the seventies, greyhounds were not yet a particularly rare rarity and met, for example, in the hunts of Nazimov, Gubin, Pizyinov, zapolsky, etc.

Similarly, they gave the impression of excellent field dogs pure-pop burmaty Karai and a young red-peg, dog-okay V. Mazharov, who also received large silver medals; Karai turned out to be a dog of outstanding malice. In all the Mazharov greyhounds, the recent impurity of the Crimean, expressed in loose ears, is very noticeable. His majesty’s pack was very elegant, but not the same. Black-and-pegy Amiable, stalwart and beautiful male, very different from the water-peggo, even more doggy and wonderfully long Swan, and the red-pegy Sorcerer (brother of the mentioned Villain) was given downcloth and the head was similar to the Mazhavinsky Twist, but had the best eyes.

The second exhibition was somewhat more diverse. In addition to very sweet – Kareev’s Award with good eyes and correct ears (silver. medal), Chebyshov’s award with a few loose ears (small silver, medal) and a few coarse-headed and low-eyed Nayan (b. ser. honey) Chebishov – was issued in particular by the zhlad of Prince Cherkassky. This wonderfully properly composed male, the best representative of the breed of pureps, received a bolip. Silver. Honey, although on points came to the gold, came from the dogs of M.A. Trakovsky and was somewhat akin to pro-Shufflian greyhounds. Little inferior to the Glorad in beauty Ugar Tumanovsky (b. sulfur honey), a dog on frets, but poorly dressed, a wonderfully correct male with a great head and eyes and quite correctly tightened ear, as in ancient thick-shouldered. Unfortunately, both males disappeared without a trace as producers, at least their offspring at exhibitions was not shown. In this respect, the grey-peg predatory Vojkov dogs, which belonged to his imperial highness to the great Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich (b. ser. honey), although he yielded to The Hunger and Ugaru, brought more benefits, as it was taken from Kareev litter. This very elegant, but poorly dressed male came from the Jiharev-praise, the father of the Boldarevsky Award, and from the dog D. M. Elagin.

In the following year (1877) nothing new and outstanding was exhibited. There were many dogs of the Karelian breed, shown by A.N. Kareev, V.V. Friends and others. D.T. Kanshi-na greyhounds, although in many ways superior to the Kareev, had very little influence on the breed and disappeared almost without a trace along with the death of the owner two years later. (However, according to N.A. Boldarev, there are 3 beautiful males from P.N. Belousov.)

At the 4th regular exhibition, organized on the occasion of the war only in January 1879, a great revival in the world of dog hunters was introduced by the Shufflian dogs, sold after the death of F. V. Protasiev in different hands. Particular attention was paid to the water-pegi Opromet of his imperial highness of the Great Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich (bolip. silver. honey), with excellent legs, a few bald head, good gla-zami and well-dressed, even in curls; then chubaro-pegi Kidai

According to Kashkarov, the glorad originated (from the paternal side) from Cherkes (above) Atryganev; it was from The of Trakovsky and Byrdin’s male, the murgoy Mars 11, which seemed to be very similar.

Count A. D. Sheremeteva, a very posture male, very sweet, with a good head, but poorly dressed and generally pure-double in shapes. Other pro-Shufflian dogs, turning off the defeating Bol-Darev, did not represent anything remarkable. Dog hunters sharply divided into two camps: some admired the pro-shuffle-Ovestov and Kidai, thoroughly pointing out the immaculateness of their working frets; others praised Karay Kartavtsev, the son of the Award-winning Chebishov. Karay was really wonderfully beautiful and even had an overly thin and graceful head for a male. But his hind legs were cow’s, and his paws, like most Karelian dogs, were round, feline. In addition, later it turned out that he was completely devoid of energy and malice, caught in the hunt, galloped badly, and after each baiting his front legs trembled; in addition, it was infertile. Fascinated by the Karelian and pro-Tasiev dogs, the hunters almost did not notice the quail-pibarago striking dashing-rev dogs. It was a medium-sized rather wide and powerful male on good legs, with a very low-slated rib, a rather dry head, with beautiful eyes, richly dressed, in curls. It was not at any exhibition, and it was very strange that it was awarded only a small silver medal, which was probably the reason that it was not launched by the manufacturer. The unseen, i.e. small, though very sweet pure-pop – Snake and Mytarka – the best of chelishchev dogs did not pay attention.

The fifth exhibition is remarkable in that it for the first time there are very successful products of crossbreeding of different varieties. With S Kareev, convinced of the need to refresh the blood of his dogs, finally stopped at the Rataev Villain, the sister of The Sorcerer. The villain, as opposed to his brother, who gave though wonderfully sweet and unusually wide-thused dogs, but kutsyh, turned out to be a wonderful producer. The best representative of the improved Kareev dogs was the red-pegi (murugo-pegi?) by the Chebishov Wizard from his Award, very similar to his uncle and quite deserved to be awarded a large silver medal. Half-blooded Karelian dogs – the pologany-pegy Nayan Kareeva (from Togia and the Villain), Lyubi Chebyshova (from The Award and villains), Will Win II Kareev (from Victory I and the Khomyakovsky Awards) – also received great silver. Medals. The highlight of the exhibition was, however, late

The strikingness was summed up by his imperial highness to the great Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich.

At the St. Petersburg Exhibition of 1878.

Cited on the show and the examination is therefore not exposed to Udav Udav hn. P.S. Gagarin (Nizhekim lip.) from the Machevarian-Doveka and the male baron Yomini Nazimov’s dogs. It was really a very good-looking and spiteful male, of very large stature (18th, extremely well-built, with a great head, but a coarse dog. At the same exhibition was shown G.A. Chertkov very good male Shaytan (b. sulfur honey.) From Milka Viseslavtsev and the Jiharev dog, who gave him a rough head.

Blood Machevarian dogs, which have long been famous among Nizhny Novgorod, Simbir, Penzen and other hunters, appeared only the following year, after the death of P. M. Macevarianov (1880), first the ulcer, shown in the autumn of 1880 in Tambov at the exhibition of the Tambov Department of the Imperial Society (VI), then on the VI of the line. exhibition in Moscow Ube N. A. Boldareva, a red male of short stature, like all Machevarian dogs, with excellent head, eyes and ears, dog in curls. Both dogs received the right big silver medals. At the VII exhibition there were black with underpnage greyhounds P.A. Bereznikova, shortly before who entered the imperial hunt. All 12 dogs were fairly typical pure dogs, some of them had loose ears. For the same type they were given a gold medal. Karai, Terzai and Lubka Verderevsky, who received a large silver medal separately and for the pack, stood out from the thoroughbred Karelian. Of the Karelian improved, the villain of the 2nd S.S. Kareev (from Tohray and the Ratayev’s Villain) was remarkable, receiving a bol. Sir. Honey. AT THE VI and VII exhibitions; it is a muscular and poorly dressed bitch, very sweet and showing remarkable friskyness and great spite. The b. ser were also very good. medals of The Gift and Fire of V. N. Chebyshov from The Defeating Kareev and the Rataev Villain and very similar to her; Also The Villain Kn. Gagarin from the Karelian Victory I and villains II and his own Dear from Udav and Kareev Villain II, which combined, therefore, the blood of the Machevarian, Nazim, Kareev dogs and Rataev villain, which was very similar. The large hunt, exhibited by the young hunter V.I. Likhachev, consisted mainly of the blood (?) and half-blood dogs sold to him by Kareev and half-blooded dogs and very ordinary pure-pop greyhounds, bought from Yaroslavl hunters – Dedyulin and Trutnev.